Regarding adults, HGH has other described functions, including increasing lipolysis and lipid oxidation, which leads to mobilization of stored triglycerides, stimulation of protein synthesis that includes skeletal muscle anabolism, antagonism of insulin action that leads to glucose intolerance, and decrease of phosphate, water, and sodium renal excretion ( HGH exerts its effects through the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, influencing growth and metabolism across various tissues and organs, particularly cartilage and bone development
IGF-1 levels rise by 20 to 40% in most treated patients, providing an objective marker of treatment response that clinicians can track with routine blood work
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Microarray and RNA-sequencing studies have mapped its regulatory effect across approximately 4,000 human genes, including upregulation of VEGF, BDNF, and BMP-2 growth factors central to vascular, neural, and bone remodeling respectively