The release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria leads to production of a caspase-activating complex of cytochrome c, APAF-1, and procaspase-9, triggers the up-regulation of caspase-9, and subsequently increases the expression of caspase-3, followed by the induction of apoptotic events in the cell [44]
Therefore, drug delivery targeting the extracellular region of target receptors faces several insurmountable challenges, including (1) competitive interference from endogenous ligands or antibodies at the target and (2) pseudotarget or target loss caused by shedding or mutation of the extracellular region, which significantly inhibits drug efficacy and may pose safety concerns
The future of weight loss drugs will focus on addressing some of the major issues with GLP-1s
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