Astrocytes play a pivotal role in the maintenance of the neurotransmitter pools of glutamate and GABA since only these cells express pyruvate carboxylase, the enzyme required for de novo synthesis of the two amino acids
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Among the most important are (i) the TGF- signaling pathway that triggers downstream events such as the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), (ii) pathological mechanical forces (mechanotransduction) that occur through overload, repetitive stress or injury, (iii) pro-inflammatory cytokines and innate immunity in a persistent inflammatory environment, and (iv) excessive oxidative stress leading to cellular aging and senescence ( Figure 5 ) (90)
Researchers theorize that the drugs could work the same way to curb non-food cravings
