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[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 60.Aladaileh S.H., Hussein O.E., Abukhalil M.H., Saghir S.A.M., Bin-Jumah M., Alfwuaires M.A., Germoush M.O., Almaiman A.A., Mahmoud A.M

In cell proliferation assays, DES(1-3) IGF-1 is approximately 10-fold more potent than native IGF-1, but IGF-1 LR3 achieves even greater sustained activation because its prolonged presence continuously stimulates the receptor

This single substitution shifts biological activity from broad tissue repair (GHK-Cu) toward targeted hair follicle stimulation (AHK-Cu)

Notably, LNP-based delivery method demonstrated significantly less Luc activity in non-liver organs, highlighting their superior liver selectivity (Supplementary Fig