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Combining mitochondrial support with the neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory effects of brain-active peptides creates a multi-layered approach to neurodegeneration that no single compound can achieve alone

Further studies have revealed that Lip-1 not only prevents mitochondrial lipid peroxidation but also restores the expression of key molecules involved in ferroptosis regulation, including GSH, GPX4 and ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (135,136)

Growth hormone plays an important role in normal metabolism, tissue maintenance, and overall physiological regulation

Table 1 summarizes the mechanisms of these targets and their relationship with GBM and ferroptosis