how effective is glp 1 GLP-1 vs. GLP-1 + GIP: What's the Difference for your Metabolism? GLP-1 Medications for Weight Loss:

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A 2025 JAMA Network Open study found that semaglutide or tirzepatide was associated with increased risk of NAION and other optic nerve disorders, but the overall risk was low and prior findings have been inconsistent

But its backed by gene expression studies showing that GHK-Cu modulates over 4,000 human genes, with a significant portion involved in tissue remodeling, antioxidant defense, and stem cell function [3]

The concept of NVU was introduced as a structure formed by neurons, astrocytes, basal lamina covered with smooth muscle cells and pericytes, endothelial cells (components of the BBB), and extracellular matrix (Harder et al., 2002)