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CR induces epithelial cell cycle proliferation and suppresses apoptosis, increasing cancer risk We observed suppressed apoptotic genes upon CR

Oral formulations need higher doses to produce the same blood levels the injectable achieves at lower doses - and higher doses mean higher manufacturing costs

Mechanistically, even small stimulation of GLP-1 receptors can: Reduce hunger and cravings, making it easier to stick to a reduced-calorie eating pattern Smooth out blood sugar spikes after meals, which may reduce energy crashes and rebound hunger Support improvements in weight-related markers such as HbA1c, especially when combined with lifestyle changes However, it is important to be clear about the evidence

doi: 10.3892/etm.2016.3871 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 35.Maestri A, De Pasquale Ceratti A, Cundari S, Zanna C, Cortesi E, Crin L