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NTBI/LPI can readily penetrate the heart, liver, spleen, pancreas, and other tissues through various transporters, including divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), ZRT/IRT-like protein 14 (ZIP14), lipocalin-2 (LCN-2), T-type calcium channels (TTCC), and L-type calcium channels (LTCC), resulting in an increase in labile cellular iron (LCI) [14, 17,18,19,20]

We employ an optimized, dual-delivery strategy to maximize neurorestorative effects: Intrathecal Delivery: Stem cells administered directly into cerebrospinal fluid enhance access to the hypothalamus, brainstem, and SCN, targeting core sleep centers

PMCID: PMC3256734

Dyes (Cy5.5, Cy7.5, or Nile Red) and P4 (100 mg) were co-dissolved in 1 mL DMSO, and the solution were then slowly added dropwise to 10 mL of water