This condition results from a lack of intrinsic factor, a protein necessary for B12 absorption in the terminal ileum
A plethora of PASC clinical symptoms and related metabolic impairments indicate involvement of different pathobiological mechanisms such as (i) virus-induced hypoxia/Warburg effect, (ii) iron (Fe)-redox dysregulation (FeRD), (iii) m- Dys and altered bioenergetics, (iv) oxidative stress (OxS) and cellular damage, (v) immuno-pathogenesis and hyperinflammation, (vi) autoimmunity, (vii) dysbiosis, (viii) re-activation of latent pathogens, (ix) persistent viral reservoirs, and (x) viral-hijacked host cellular factors 22,27,137,138
Moreover, two independent studies reveal that Ex-4 blocks the alcohol reward in the rCPP test (44)
The pharmacology of flupirtine and mechanisms of action involved provide a spectrum of effects that would not only control the chronic pain characteristic of fibromyalgia but many of the other symptoms