This complication was much more common with phenformin therapy, the initial biguanide, and the risk with metformin is estimated to be 20 times less (53)
Furthermore, the low consumption of vegetables and fruits causes a lack of exogenous antioxidants, while an excessive intake of animal proteins (mainly red and processed meat) and fats has been associated with increased oxidants, increasing the risk of immune-mediated disorders, including autoimmune thyroid diseases [186, 187]
When an intervention becomes both convenient and affordable, it transforms from an individual weight loss treatment into a viable tool for population-level chronic disease prevention
For example, miR-483-5p and miR-503-5p have been proposed as candidate markers for SAP-associated ALI, 537 whereas miR-21-5p is reportedly elevated in the serum EVs of patients with type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis and can help distinguish CP patients from healthy individuals