This constrained hormonal response minimizes cross-axis variability, supporting clearer mechanistic evaluation of growth hormonemediated metabolic and tissue-repair endpoints
Exenatide GLP-RA , 1995 2005 .60 Liraglutide 2010 2 ,62 lixisenatide 2013 2 , 2 016 7 .63 (Albiglutide) 2014 3 , 2014 4 .64 (Dulaglutide) 2014 9 T2DM ,65 (Semaglutide) 2017 9 .66 (Beinaglutide) GLP-RA , 2016 9 T2DM .67 PEG-(PEG-loxenatide) GLP-RA , 2019 5 .66 ( 1 2) Table 1 Comparison of GLP-1RAs used in type 2 diabetes mellitus DateBrand nameGLP-1RAHalf-lifeDose (SC)Molecular formulaClinial trial focus Table 2 Comparative overview of efficacy and adverse effects of mainstream GLP-1RA medications Current GLP-1RAs GLP-1RAs are synthetic protein preparations that have partial or complete amino acid sequence homology with GLP-1 found in the body, are not easily degraded, have longer half-lives and have stronger biological activity
Additionally, electrophysiological experiments have shown the direct effects of B vitamins on pain transmission pathways in the spinal cord and thalamus, which explains the observed reduction or loss of pain sensation in clinical patients
Li XL, Zhou J, Chen ZR, Chng WJ
